A cross-sectional analysis involving 1925 men and women, and a longitudinal analysis including 1069 individuals without diabetes, followed for an average of 5.5 years, found that dietary phylloquinone intake may reduce risk for type 2 diabetes. Analysis revealed an association between low phylloquinone at baseline and subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. Risk of diabetes was 17% lower for each additional intake of 100 mg phylloquinone/d and subjects who increased vitamin K during the follow-up had reduced risk of diabetes. Findings suggest that dietary phylloquinone may be associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.