Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a nutrient with unique cell membrane actions and diverse clinical benefits.

This molecule neutralizes free radicals or other oxidants by either accepting or donating electrons, and without being

destroyed or becoming a pro-oxidant in the process. Its linear, polar-nonpolar-polar molecular layout equips it to precisely

insert into the membrane and span its entire width. In this position, astaxanthin can intercept reactive molecular species

within the membrane’s hydrophobic interior and along its hydrophilic boundaries. Clinically, astaxanthin has shown

diverse benefits, with excellent safety and tolerability. In double-blind, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), astaxanthin

lowered oxidative stress in overweight and obese subjects and in smokers. It blocked oxidative DNA damage, lowered

C-reactive protein (CRP) and other inflammation biomarkers, and boosted immunity in the tuberculin skin test. Astaxanthin

lowered triglycerides and raised HDL-cholesterol in another trial and improved blood flow in an experimental microcirculation model. It improved cognition in a small clinical trial and boosted proliferation and differentiation of cultured nerve

stem cells. In several Japanese RCTs, astaxanthin improvedvisual acuity and eye accommodation. It improved reproductive performance in men and reflux symptoms in H. pylori patients. In preliminary trials it showed promise for sports

performance (soccer). In cultured cells, astaxanthin protected the mitochondria against endogenous oxygen radicals,

conserved their redox (antioxidant) capacity, and enhanced their energy production efficiency. The concentrations used in

these cells would be attainable in humans by modest dietary intakes. Astaxanthin’s clinical success extends beyond

protection against oxidative stress and inflammation, to demonstrable promise for slowing age-related functional decline.